The study examined the structural and adaptive features of the vein structure of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems in birds adapted to terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The location and branching of venous vessels directly depend on the functions performed by the organ. Functional and physiological blood deposition is associated with the compactness and multifunctionality of internal organs against the background of long-term morphogenetic processes. Collector systems for distributing blood flow through the veins in the internal organs are analyzed. The lungs, liver, stomachs, kidneys, oviduct and uterus are characterized by the presence of multiple venous plexuses, repeatedly connected to each other by a network of anastomoses. Venules in the organs pass across arterioles, creating arteriolovenular anastomoses. In the esophagus of birds, individual arcade anastomoses of arterioles and venules are noted. In the glandular stomach, there is a large number of simple and complex alveolar-tubular glands, around which there is a powerful network of blood vessels. In the glandular stomach, there are three times more capillaries than in the muscular stomach. Inside the liver, there is a double inflow-outflow system of veins, represented by the portal and hepatic veins. In the kidneys of birds, a double network of venous capillaries has been identified, which are formed by afferent and efferent intraorgan venules. Afferent venules depart from the caudal portal renal vein, and efferent venules - from the renal. Venous vessels from its five sections flow into the veins of the oviduct, contributing to its uniform distribution. The identified structural features of the venous system of internal organs in birds allow them to maintain high life support in certain living conditions.
poultry, lungs, esophagus, glandular stomach, kidneys, uterus, oviduct
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