The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microflora plays a fundamental role in maintaining the health, productivity, and disease resistance of turkeys in industrial farming. The formation of the microbiocenosis is a dynamic process closely related to the ontogenetic development of the bird. This review systematizes and analyzes current literature data on the sequence of colonization of the GIT of turkeys by microorganisms from the embryonic period to adulthood. The factors affecting the formation and stabilization of the microbial community are considered in detail: the genetics of the bird (breed, cross), external factors of the housing conditions (temperature, humidity, and density of the birds), feeding (diet composition, use of probiotics and prebiotics, and presence of mycotoxins), and the use of antimicrobial drugs. Special attention is paid to changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of dominant taxa (Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae) in different parts of the intestine (the small intestine, cecal appendices) at different stages of growth. The relationship between dysbiosis and the occurrence of common diseases (necrotizing enteritis, colibacillosis) is analyzed. The mechanisms by which a balanced microflora contributes to improved feed digestibility, immune response modulation, and pathogen suppression are discussed. The advantages and limitations of traditional microbiological and modern molecular genetic methods (PCR, next-generation sequencing - NGS) for studying the microbiome are considered. Promising research areas in the field of microbiome management for improving the economic efficiency of turkey farming are presented. The review is based on current research on modern strategies for modulating the microflora to optimize productive performance and promote gut health in turkeys in industrial poultry farming, as published in the scientific literature.
turkey, ontogenesis, microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, factors
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